Data Modeling & DAX Fundamentals

You place the measure Total Sales = SUM(FactSales[SalesAmount]) into a Matrix visual with Product Category on Rows. When Power BI calculates the sales amount for the “Bikes” row, in what primary context is the SUM function operating?

Filter Context (applied by the visual)

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Row Context (evaluating row by row)

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Evaluation Context (combination of both)

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Query Context (from Power Query)

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The guide mentions “Context Transition”. In which scenario does Power BI automatically convert a Row Context into an equivalent Filter Context?

Power Query M transformations

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A Calculated Column formula that uses CALCULATE or references a measure.

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A basic aggregation measure like SUM(Table[Column]).

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A relationship created in the Model view.

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You need to create the most fundamental measure: the sum of all sales. What is the correct and simplest DAX syntax for Total Sales?

Total Sales := CALCULATE(SUM(FactSales[SalesAmount]))

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Total Sales = SUM FactSales SalesAmount

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Total Sales = SUM(FactSales[SalesAmount])

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Total Sales = AGGREGATE(FactSales[SalesAmount], SUM)

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To calculate Profit Margin % ([Total Profit] divided by [Total Sales]), which DAX formula provides the best practice for automatically handling potential division by zero errors?

Profit Margin % = [Total Profit] / [Total Sales]

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Profit Margin % = IF([Total Sales]=0, 0, [Total Profit] / [Total Sales])

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Profit Margin % = IFERROR([Total Profit] / [Total Sales], 0)

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Profit Margin % = DIVIDE([Total Profit], [Total Sales])

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Assuming you have a [Total Sales] measure and a correctly marked DimDate table, what is the standard DAX function to calculate Year-to-Date sales?

Sales YTD = CALCULATE([Total Sales], DATESYTD(DimDate[Date]))

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Sales YTD = SUMX(FILTER(FactSales, YEAR(FactSales[OrderDate]) = YEAR(TODAY())), [SalesAmount])

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Sales YTD = TOTALYTD([Total Sales], DimDate[Date])

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Sales YTD = CALCULATE([Total Sales], YEAR(DimDate[Date]) = MAX(DimDate[Year]))

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You need a measure to show the sales from the exact same period in the prior year (e.g., if looking at March 2022, show March 2021). What is the standard DAX function pattern for this?

Sales Previous Year = [Total Sales] – 365

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Sales Previous Year = CALCULATE([Total Sales], DATEADD(DimDate[Date], -1, YEAR))

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Sales Previous Year = CALCULATE([Total Sales], PREVIOUSYEAR(DimDate[Date]))

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Sales Previous Year = CALCULATE([Total Sales], SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR(DimDate[Date]))

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You have already created [Total Sales] and [Sales Previous Year] measures. What is the correct and safe DAX formula for YoY Sales Growth %?

YoY Sales Growth % = ([Total Sales] / [Sales Previous Year]) – 1

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YoY Sales Growth % = DIVIDE([Total Sales] – [Sales Previous Year], [Sales Previous Year])

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YoY Sales Growth % = [Total Sales] – [Sales Previous Year]

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YoY Sales Growth % = CALCULATE(DIVIDE([Total Sales] – [Sales Previous Year], [Sales Previous Year]))

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You need a measure showing the total sales for the last 3 complete months, relative to the latest date in the current filter context. Which DAX time intelligence pattern achieves this “rolling” calculation?

Rolling 3-Month Sales = CALCULATE([Total Sales], LASTNMONTHS(DimDate[Date], 3))

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Rolling 3-Month Sales = CALCULATE([Total Sales], DATESINPERIOD(DimDate[Date], MAX(DimDate[Date]), -3, MONTH))

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Rolling 3-Month Sales = TOTALMTD([Total Sales], DimDate[Date]) * 3

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Rolling 3-Month Sales = CALCULATE([Total Sales], PARALLELPERIOD(DimDate[Date], -3, MONTH))

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You have the base measure [Total Sales]. You need a new measure that only shows sales for the “West” region, regardless of what other regions are selected in slicers. What is the correct DAX formula?

Sales West = FILTER(FactSales, DimTerritory[Region] = "West")

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Sales West = CALCULATE([Total Sales] WHERE DimTerritory[Region] = "West")

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Sales West = CALCULATE([Total Sales], FILTER(DimTerritory, DimTerritory[Region] = "West"))

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Sales West = CALCULATE([Total Sales], DimTerritory[Region] = "West")

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You are creating a visual showing [Total Sales] by Region. You need a measure % of Total Sales that calculates each region’s sales as a percentage of the overall grand total sales across all regions. What is the correct DAX pattern?

% of Total Sales = DIVIDE([Total Sales], SUM(FactSales[SalesAmount]))

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% of Total Sales = DIVIDE([Total Sales], CALCULATE([Total Sales], ALL(FactSales)))

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% of Total Sales = DIVIDE([Total Sales], CALCULATE([Total Sales], ALL(DimTerritory)))

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% of Total Sales = DIVIDE([Total Sales], CALCULATE([Total Sales], ALLSELECTED()))

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You need a measure that calculates [Total Sales] but only includes sales line items where the individual SalesAmount was greater than $1000. Which DAX formula correctly applies this row-level filter condition?

High Value Sales = CALCULATE([Total Sales], FactSales[SalesAmount] > 1000)

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High Value Sales = CALCULATE([Total Sales], FILTER(FactSales, FactSales[SalesAmount] > 1000))

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High Value Sales = FILTER([Total Sales], FactSales[SalesAmount] > 1000)

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High Value Sales = SUMX(FILTER(FactSales, FactSales[SalesAmount] > 1000), FactSales[SalesAmount])

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You need to create a Product Rank measure based on [Total Sales] that ranks products consistently across the entire dataset, regardless of any active filters. What is the correct DAX formula?

Product Rank = RANK(FactSales[SalesAmount])

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Product Rank = RANKX(ALLSELECTED(DimProduct), [Total Sales], , DESC, DENSE)

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Product Rank = RANKX(ALL(DimProduct), [Total Sales], , DESC, DENSE)

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Product Rank = CALCULATE(RANKX(DimProduct, [Total Sales]), ALL())

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You need to categorize customers into segments (“Platinum”, “Gold”, “Silver”, “Bronze”) based on their [Total Sales]. Which DAX function provides the most readable and efficient way to handle these multiple conditions?

Customer Segment = IF([Total Sales] > 500000, "Platinum", IF([Total Sales] > 200000, "Gold", …))

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Customer Segment = CALCULATE(VALUES(SegmentTable[SegmentName]), FILTER(SegmentTable, [Total Sales] >= SegmentTable[Min] && [Total Sales] < SegmentTable[Max]))

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Customer Segment = SWITCH( TRUE(), [Total Sales] > 500000, "Platinum", [Total Sales] > 200000, "Gold", [Total Sales] > 50000, "Silver", "Bronze" )

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Customer Segment = FORMAT([Total Sales], """Platinum"";""Gold"";""Silver"";""Bronze""")

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You need to create a KPI Status measure that displays an icon (✅, ⚠️, ❌) based on the value of [Profit Margin %] compared to thresholds (>=25% is good, >=15% is moderate, else bad). What is the correct DAX formula using SWITCH?

KPI Status = IFERROR(FORMAT([Profit Margin %], """✅ On Target"";""⚠️ Moderate"";""❌ Below Target"""), "Error")

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KPI Status = SWITCH( TRUE(), [Profit Margin %] >= 0.25, "✅ On Target", [Profit Margin %] >= 0.15, "⚠️ Moderate", "❌ Below Target" )

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KPI Status = CALCULATE( SELECTEDVALUE(StatusTable[StatusIcon]), FILTER(StatusTable, [Profit Margin %] >= StatusTable[Min] && [Profit Margin %] < StatusTable[Max]) )

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KPI Status = IF([Profit Margin %] >= 0.25, "✅", IF([Profit Margin %] >= 0.15, "⚠️", "❌"))

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Lesson 6 introduces using Variables (VAR) in DAX measures. What is a primary benefit of using variables in complex formulas?

They make DAX formulas significantly slower.

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They are only used for creating calculated columns, not measures.

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They improve readability and can improve performance by storing intermediate results.

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They are required for all Time Intelligence functions.

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What is the correct basic syntax structure for a DAX measure using variables to calculate Profit Growth %?

Measure = BEGIN VAR Current = … VAR Previous = … END RETURN …

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Measure = VAR Current = [Total Profit] VAR Previous = CALCULATE(…) RETURN DIVIDE(Current – Previous, Previous)

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Measure = DEFINE { VAR Current = … VAR Previous = … } RETURN …

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Measure = WITH Current = … Previous = … SELECT DIVIDE(Current – Previous, Previous)

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Your [Profit Margin %] measure sometimes returns an error (e.g., #DIV/0!). You want to create a new measure, Adjusted Margin, that shows the calculated margin if it’s valid, but shows 0 if the original measure resulted in an error. What is the most concise DAX function for this?

Adjusted Margin = CALCULATE([Profit Margin %], ISERROR([Profit Margin %]) = FALSE)

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Adjusted Margin = IFERROR([Profit Margin %], 0)

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Adjusted Margin = DIVIDE([Profit Margin %], 1, 0)

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Adjusted Margin = IF(ISBLANK([Profit Margin %]), 0, [Profit Margin %])

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You need to create a KPI measure Sales per Customer representing the average revenue generated per unique customer who made a purchase. What is the correct DAX formula?

Sales per Customer = AVERAGEX(DimCustomer, [Total Sales])

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Sales per Customer = [Total Sales] / COUNTROWS(DimCustomer)

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Sales per Customer = DIVIDE([Total Sales], DISTINCTCOUNT(FactSales[CustomerKey]))

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Sales per Customer = CALCULATE([Total Sales], ALL(DimCustomer))

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According to the CDIP-BP standards described in Section 8, where should you formally document the DAX formula, business definition, dependencies, and validation status for each measure you create?

In comments within the DAX formula bar.

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In the Data Dictionary Excel/Word template provided, detailing Measure Name, Formula, Business Definition, etc.

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In the Properties pane for each measure in Power BI.

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On a text box directly on the Power BI report canvas.

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Your Power BI report visuals are loading slowly, particularly those using columns from your large FactSales table. Which optimization strategy from Section 9 is most relevant?

Replace complex DAX measures with simpler SUM aggregations.

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Prefer using Measures over Calculated Columns where possible, especially on large fact tables.

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Use Bi-Directional relationships instead of Single Direction.

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Add more visuals to the report page to distribute the load.

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Data Modeling & DAX Fundamentals

Data Modeling & DAX Fundamentals

DataPro 23 October 2025

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